What is Potassium carbonate

Potassium Carbonate is a white salt that forms a strongly alkaline solution. Potassium Carbonate is a very important chemical and is used for a variety of purposes in various industrial segments. We pack Potassium Carbonate in safe packaging and deliver to the customers on time.

Potassium Carbonate is a water insoluble Potassium source that can easily be converted to other Potassium compounds, such as the oxide by heating (calcination). Carbonate compounds also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids. Potassium Carbonate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and manpower forms may be considered. American Elements produces many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Potassium carbonate was first identified in 1742 by Antonio Campanella and is the primary component of potash and the more refined pearl ash or salts of tartar. Historically, pearl ash was created by baking potash in a kiln to remove impurities. The fine, white powder remaining was the pearl ash. The first patent issued by the US Patent Office was awarded to Samuel Hopkins in 1790 for an improved method of making potash and pearl ash. In late 18th century North America, before the development of baking powder, pearl ash was used as a leavening agent in quick breads.

Today, potassium carbonate is prepared commercially by the electrolysis of potassium chloride. The resulting potassium hydroxide is then carbonated using carbon dioxide to form potassium carbonate, which is often used to produce other potassium compounds.

2KOH + CO2 → K2CO3 + H2O

Potassium carbonate is a very important chemical and is used for a variety of purposes in various industrial segments, here I will show you the application list of Potassium carbonate.

1. In the historically, Potassium carbonate had been used for soap, glass, and china production.

2. Potassium carbonate is also used as a mild drying agent where other drying agents, such as calcium chloride and magnesium sulfate, may be incompatible. It is not suitable for acidic compounds, but can be useful for drying an organic phase if one has a small amount of acidic impurity. It may also be used to dry some ketones, alcohols, and amines prior to distillation.

3. To make a safer electrolyte for oxyhydrogen production than potassium hydroxide, the more commonly used electrolyte.

4. In cuisine, it is used as an ingredient in the production of grass jelly, a food consumed in Chinese and Southeast Asian cuisines. It is used to tenderize tripe. German gingerbread recipes often use potassium carbonate as a baking agent.

5. Potassium carbonate is used as a buffering agent in the production of mead or wine.

6. As a fire suppressant in extinguishing deep-fat fryers and various other B class-related fires

7. In condensed aerosol fire suppression, although as the byproduct of potassium nitrate.

8. An ingredient in welding fluxes, and in the flux coating on arc-welding rods.

9. Softening hard water.

 

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Exposure Potential of Ammonium bifluoride

Ammonium bifluoride, we also call it Ammonium difluoride, Ammonium acid fluoride or Ammonium hydrogen difluoride, its CAS NO is 1341-49-7. Ammonium bifluoride (NH 4•HF2) is manufactured and sold in solid form or in aqueous solutions. The solid is a white crystal. The so lutions are clear, colorless liquids that have a slightly sharp, pungent odor.

Previous article, we have talked about the basic knowledge about Ammonium bifluoride, in this passage, I will show you the Exposure Potential of Ammonium bifluoride. We could learn it in 4 aspects.

1. Workplace exposure

Exposure can occur at either an ammonium bifluoride manufacturing facility, a manufacturing or packaging facility that stores, packages or uses ammonium bifluoride, or during transport. The system Solvay uses to manufacture ammonium bifluoride is a closed system with very little potential for exposure to ammonium bifluoride. Other manufacturing processes or systems in which it is used may be open or closed depending on the equipment or application.

Persons involved in maintenance, sampling and testing activities, or in the loading and unloading of ammonium bifluoride packages are at greater risk of exposure. Following good industrial hygiene practices will minimize the likelihood of exposure; however, persons involved in higher risk activities should always wear proper personal protective equipment such as rubber gloves and boots, an acid or slicker suit, acid gas respirator, goggles and hard hat. In instances where the potential for splashes is high, a face shield should also be worn.

Exposure limits for ammonium bifluoride made by OSHA, ACGIH and other bodies list limits for the “fluoride” content rather than as ABF specifically. Please consult the Material Safety Data Sheet  for information concer ning exposure limits.

2. Consumer exposure to products containing ammonium bifluoride

Although Solvay Fluorides, LLC does not sell ammonium bifluoride directly to consumers, it is used in some consumer cleaning products. The us er should use these products in strict adherence with the manufacturer’s us e and/or label instructions.  

3. Environmental releases

Spills of ammonium bifluoride should be contained and isolated from waterways and sewers or drains. Small spills of solid ammonium bifluoride should be swept or shoveled up and placed in suitable containe rs for disposal. The contaminated area should be washed down with plenty of water. Spills of liquid ammonium bifluoride should be diluted with large amounts of water. Lime or calcium hydroxide may be used to neutralize contaminated water and immobilize the fluoride ions as calcium fluoride. 

Disposal should be in accordance with applicable local, state or federal regulations. Persons attempting to clean up ammonium bifluoride spills should wear proper personal protective equipment (See guidelines in the Workplace exposure section of this document or the Material Safety Data Sheet).  If required, report spills to the appropriate state or federal authorities.  

4. Fires

Fires involving ammonium bifluoride should be extinguished using measures appropriate to the circumstances and surrounding environment. Hazardous decomposition products such as hydrogen fluoride vapor can be generated if ABF is involved in a fire.  Fire fighters should wear self–contained breathing apparatus and protective suits. 

Now you must make cleaner understanding of ammonium bifluoride. After the Exposure Potential, I will give the heath information about ammonium bifluoride in next passage, so see you next time.

 

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Acetylsalicylic acid’s significant role in medical community

Acetylsalicylic Acid, also known by trade name Aspirin, is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with melting point 137°C. Its CAS NO is 50-78-2.

Today, aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

Acetylsalicylic acid is useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fever, inflammation, and swelling and thus has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and mild infection. Large doses cause acid-base imbalance and respiratory disturbances and can be fatal, especially in children. Acetaminophen (known by trade name Tylenol), which does not cause gastric irritation but does lower fever and relieve pain, is often substituted for Aspirin.

This drug is used today to lower fevers and reduce inflammation, especially those caused by rhumatic fever and arthritis.

Acetylsalicylic acid will thin the blood and therefore it will, in small doses prevent heart attack, stroke & unstable angina. Because of its ability to thin the blood Acetylsalicylic Acid will inhibit the formation of blood clots.

It`s most common use is to relieve headaches as well as muscle & joint pain. Acetylsalicylic Acid interferes with the bodys synthesis of specific POSTAGLANDINS. These compounds are produced by almost every tissue in the body and control the substances involved in the transmission of nerve impulses which participate in the body`s defences against infection. Postaglandins have been shown to bring on fever and play a major role in inflammation.

Acetylsalicylic acid also has an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the production of thromboxane, which under normal circumstances binds platelet molecules together to create a patch over damaged walls of blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation in people at high risk of developing blood clots. It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue. Aspirin may be effective at preventing certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

The main undesirable side effects of aspirin taken by mouth are gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding, and tinnitus, especially in higher doses. In children and adolescents, aspirin is no longer indicated to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of chickenpox or other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

Acetylsalicylic acid is part of a group of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but differs from most other NSAIDs in the mechanism of action. Though it, and others in its group called the salicylates, have similar effects (antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic) to the other NSAIDs and inhibit the same enzyme cyclooxygenase, aspirin (but not the other salicylates) does so in an irreversible manner and, unlike others, affects more the COX-1 variant than the COX-2 variant of the enzyme.

At present other uses of this drug are under investigation such as there usefulness in prevention of certain cancers and dangerously high blood pressure which sometimes can occur in pregnancy. It`s effectiveness in the relief of migranes is currently being looked into.

 

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The usages of D-Glucitol

D-Glucitol, also known as sorbitol, is a sugar alcohol, which the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Most D-Glucitol is made from corn syrup, but it is also found in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. It is synthesized by D-Glucitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and converted to fructose by succinate dehydrogenase and D-Glucitol dehydrogenase. Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme complex that participates in the citric acidcycle.

D-Glucitol uses widely in many fields, such as Sweetener, Laxative, Medical applications and so on, especially in health care. Here we can learn the uses of D-Glucitol from these follow aspects.

1. Used as Sweetener
D-Glucitol is a sugar substitute. It may be listed under the inactive ingredients listed for some foods and products. Its INS number and E number are 420.D-Glucitol is referred to as a nutritive sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2.6 kilocalories (11 kilojoules) per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) for carbohydrates. It is often used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream), mints, cough syrups, and sugar-free chewing gum.It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus.

2. Used as Laxative
D-Glucitol can be used as a non-stimulant laxative via an oral suspension or enema. As with other sugar alcohols, gastrointestinal distress may result when food products that contain D-Glucitol are consumed. D-Glucitol exerts its laxative effect by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements.[3] D-Glucitol has been determined safe for use by the elderly, although it is not recommended without consultation with a clinician. D-Glucitol is found in some dried fruits and may contribute to the laxative effects of prunes.

3. The Medical applications
D-Glucitol is used in bacterial culture media to distinguish the pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 from most other strains of E. coli, as it is usually incapable of fermenting D-Glucitol, but 93% of known E. coli strains are capable of doing so.
D-Glucitol, combined with kayexalate, helps the body rid itself of excess potassium ions in a hyperkalaemic state. The kayexalate exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the bowel, while D-Glucitol helps to eliminate it. The FDA has discouraged this combination when in 2010 it issued a warning of increased risk for GI necrosis.

4. Health care, food, and cosmetic uses
D-Glucitol often is used in modern cosmetics as a humectant and thickener.[9]D-Glucitol often is used in mouthwash and toothpaste. Some transparent gels can be made only with D-Glucitol, as it has a refractive index sufficiently high for transparent formulations. It is also used frequently in “sugar free” chewing gum.

D-Glucitol is used as a cryoprotectant additive (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphates) in the manufacture of surimi, a highly refined fish paste most commonly produced from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). It is also used as a humectant in some cigarettes.

5. Miscellaneous uses
A mixture of D-Glucitol and potassium nitrate has found some success as an amateur solid rocket fuel. D-Glucitol is identified as a potential key chemical intermediate for production of fuels from biomass resources. Carbohydrate fractions in biomass, such as cellulose undergoes sequential hydrolysis and hydrogenation in the presence of metal catalysts to produce D-Glucitol. Complete reduction of D-Glucitol opens the way to alkanes, such as hexane, which can be used as a biofuel. Hydrogen required for this reaction can be produced by aqueous phase reforming of D-Glucitol.

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Dibutyl phthalate is dangerous

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a commonly used plasticizer. It is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks. It is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene. Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an ectoparasiticide. The CAS NO of Dibutyl phthalate is 84-74-2.

Dinbutyl phthalate, also known as dibutyl phthalate, is a chemical found in many consumer products used daily.

DBP is produced by the reaction of n-butanol with phthalic anhydride. It is produced domestically by Eastman Chemical Company, but they have announced that they will end production and exit the DBP and DEP (diethyl phthalate) market in December 2011.

With the exodus of all domestic producers the nearest supply option for DBP for U.S. customers is Miami Chemical which imports material from their manufacturing partners located in South America.

These products include colognes and perfumes, cosmetics, paints undercoats and primers, floor polish, window cleaning products, caulks and sealants, latex type adhesives, resin and rubber adhesives, safety glass, vinyl floors, hairspray and nail polish. It is also used in common plastic consumer products such as It is used in shower curtains, raincoats, food wraps, bowls, car interiors, vinyl fabrics and floor tiles.

 

Dinbutyl phthalate is also used in manufacturing, including the chemical and plastics industries, for products such as plastic parts and carpet backings.

Dinbutyl phthalate have been found in food as a substitute for palm oil during a scandal in Taiwan. Among the kinds of foods were yoghurt powder, energy drinks, fruit jam, powder and syrup.The National Institute of Health provides a list of many products that contain ibutyl phthalate.

The use of this substance in cosmetics, including nail polishes, is banned in the European Union under Directive 76/768/EEC 1976.The use of DBP has been restricted in the European Union for use in children’s toys since 1999.

DBP was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. It was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006.DBP was permanently banned in children’s toys and childcare articles, in concentrations of 1000 ppm or greater, under section 108 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA).

Health studies in animals and humans have shown that prenatal DBP exposure disrupts development of the male reproductive system in ways that may increase the risk of testicular cancer. Cellular studies also suggest cause for concern among females.

Based on urine samples from people of different ages, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) concluded that total exposures to individual phthalates in the general population are below tolerable daily intakes (TDI), except in the case of DBP for which efforts to further reduce exposures are needed.

 

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Uses of Hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride, it has a strong corrosive. Because of the hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms binding capacity is relatively strong, so that hydrofluoric acid can not be completely ionized in water, the low concentration of hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid in theory, but hydrofluoric acid can dissolve the glass which many other acids can not.

Hydrofluoric acid is an important chemical raw materials, Widely used in various areas. For example , it use widely in Oil refining, In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes in the presence of the strong acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid.

Another use about Hydrofluoric acid is Production of organofluorine compounds, Many organofluorine compounds，including Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons and refrigerants are prepared using Hydrofluoric acid as the fluorine source.

The third use is Production of fluorides, Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds, such as Na3AlF6, cryolite, and AlF3, aluminium trifluoride are prepared from hydrofluoric acid.

Etchant and cleaning agent is one of most important use of Hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is used as a pickling agent to remove oxides and other impurities from stainless and carbon steels in metalworking. It is used in the semiconductor industry as a major component of Wright Etch and buffered oxide etch, which are use to clean silicon wafers.It is also used to etch glass by reacting with silicon dioxide to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides.

Hydrofluoric acid has another use in Niche application. Hydrofluoric acid can dissolve most oxides and silicates. Because of this character ,it is useful for dissolving rock samples before to analysis. In similar manner, Hydrofluoric acid is used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it.

Some collectors of antique glass bottles also use Hydrofluoric acid to remove so-called ‘sickness’ from the glass, Because Hydrofluoric acid can attack the soda content of the glass.

Hydrofluoric acid has many other uses, we can not list them detailed, but I will give you some tips. All of them are here: Cleaning cast iron, copper, brass, removing efflorescence from brick & stone, or sand particle from metallic castings, working over too heavily weighted silks, frosting, etching glass and enamel, polishing crystal glass, decomp cellulose, enameling & galvanizing iron, incr porosity of ceramics in analytical work to determine silicon dioxide

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

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